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Zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans, have long been one of the most deadly threats to humanity, significantly impacting human health and society throughout history. Recently, the rise of Mpox (Monkeypox) has once again heightened global attention to these infectious diseases, sparking concerns about the possible reemergence of smallpox, which once terrified humanity.
The history of zoonotic diseases is as old as human history itself. In the 14th century, the Black Death ravaged Europe, transmitted by fleas parasitizing rats, resulting in the death of 30-60% of Europe's population. In the 20th century, the threat of zoonotic diseases became even more frequent. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, originating from avian influenza viruses, caused between 50 million to 100 million deaths worldwide.
In the late 20th century, HIV/AIDS struck globally, and in the 21st century, we have faced new threats from zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, SARS, MERS, and most recently, COVID-19.
Amidst these concerns, the recent rise of Mpox (Monkeypox) is emerging as a new threat. This viral disease, originating from monkeys, rodents, and other animals, shows symptoms similar to smallpox. Since 2022, human cases have surged in some countries, drawing worldwide attention. The fact that Mpox has a fatality rate of about 4% raises serious concerns. Considering the current global population of approximately 8 billion, if Mpox were to spread uncontrollably, it could potentially threaten up to 320 million lives, posing a risk of unprecedented scale in human history.
What is even more worrying is that the rise of Mpox strongly suggests the possible reemergence of smallpox. Smallpox was one of the most deadly diseases in human history, officially eradicated in 1980 through a vaccination campaign by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, the emergence of Mpox warns that viruses similar to smallpox still exist and could evolve into more dangerous forms through mutation at any time.
The discontinuation of smallpox vaccination has weakened herd immunity, further heightening this risk. Most of the population under 40 years of age has not been vaccinated against smallpox, creating an environment where smallpox-like viruses could spread rapidly. If a more deadly smallpox-like virus were to appear, the damage could be unimaginable.
To respond to these threats, a multifaceted approach is necessary. First, research and surveillance systems for smallpox and similar viruses must be strengthened. Additionally, the development of new vaccines, the stockpiling of existing vaccines, and a rapid distribution system in case of emergency are essential. International cooperation, information sharing, and strengthening public health systems are also crucial.
Humanity has faced the threat of zoonotic diseases numerous times, and the potential for new diseases to emerge will continue. The rise of Mpox and the possibility of smallpox reemerging remind us that past successes in disease control are never perfect. Therefore, we must learn from historical lessons, address current threats, and thoroughly prepare for future challenges.
The potential reemergence of zoonotic diseases, particularly deadly ones like smallpox, is not just a medical issue but a critical challenge directly linked to human survival and prosperity. Overcoming this requires not only individual efforts but also collaboration between nations and across disciplines. We must not rest on past victories but remain vigilant and prepared for future threats.
The column was translated into English from the one at the link below.
http://m.hmhtimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=11695
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